A summary of the Autumn Budget presented on 28 October 2026, covering personal tax, employment, business, capital taxes, and rates and allowances.
A summary of the Autumn Budget presented on 28 October 2026, covering personal tax, employment, business, capital taxes, and rates and allowances.
Mr Healey said he had rejected broad-based tax rises as families and businesses face rising energy costs. The Chancellor extended the VAT cut on domestic electricity and the 5p Fuel Duty cut to July 2027 and announced a £100 Household Energy Payment this winter for households in Council Tax bands A to D in England. For the high street, the Small Business Rate Relief threshold will rise so that a further 70,000 retail, hospitality and leisure businesses pay no business rates.
To fund this support, the Chancellor temporarily doubled the Bank Corporation Tax Surcharge. In addition, the Budget announced further increases to the rates of tax on property and savings income from April 2027. The lifetime limit for Business Asset Disposal Relief will be halved, although the planned cut to the cash ISA limit will not go ahead.
For businesses, there is a further cut in the main rate Writing Down Allowance from 14% to 12% from April 2027. This funds an increase in the main rate First Year Allowance from 40% to 50% for expenditure incurred from 1 January 2027.
Mr Healey said that ‘my choice in the Budget today is to give families and businesses some breathing space now, and to begin the radical reform of energy to reduce bills in the future’.
The basic rate band remains at £37,700, with the higher rate threshold remaining at £50,270. The additional rate threshold remains at £125,140. The freeze of these thresholds will continue until 5 April 2031. The National Insurance contributions (NICs) Primary Threshold and Lower Profits Limit remain at £12,570. The NICs Upper Earnings Limit and Upper Profits Limit will remain aligned to the higher rate threshold at £50,270 up to 5 April 2031 as well. Other employer NICs relief thresholds aligned to the Upper Earnings Limit will also be maintained at this level.
The additional rate for non-savings and non-dividend income will apply to taxpayers in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The additional rate for savings and dividend income will apply to the whole of the UK.
The tax on income (other than savings and dividend income) is different for taxpayers who are resident in Scotland from that paid by taxpayers resident elsewhere in the UK. The Scottish Income Tax rates and bands apply to income such as employment income, self-employed trade profits and property income.
The rates and bands for 2027/28 will be announced in the Scottish Budget. Scottish taxpayers are entitled to the same Personal Allowance as individuals in the rest of the UK.
Since April 2019, the Welsh Government has had the right to vary the rates of Income Tax payable by Welsh taxpayers (other than tax on savings and dividend income). For 2026/27 the tax payable by Welsh taxpayers is the same as that payable by English and Northern Irish taxpayers. This will continue for 2027/28 subject to the Welsh Budget.
The Income Tax Personal Allowance is fixed at the current level of £12,570 and will remain frozen until 5 April 2031.
There is a reduction in the Personal Allowance for those with ‘adjusted net income’ over £100,000. The reduction is £1 for every £2 of income above £100,000. This means that there is no Personal Allowance where adjusted net income exceeds £125,140.
The government will increase the Married Couple’s Allowance from 6 April 2027 by the CPI rate for September 2026 of 3.5%.
The government will increase the Blind Person’s Allowance from 6 April 2027 to £3,370.
Property income is any income from letting land and buildings.
Individuals have a Property Allowance. This exempts property income of £1,000 or less. Property income over £1,000 can be offset either by the £1,000 Property Allowance or by deducting relevant expenses.
The government is increasing the rates of Income Tax applicable to property income by 2% from the previous rates announced at Budget 2025. The separate tax rates for property income from 2027/28 are:
The government has also legislated to allow the Scottish and Welsh governments to set their own rates of taxation for property income for 2027/28. It remains to be seen whether either government decides to do so.
Savings income is income such as bank and building society interest.
The Savings Allowance applies to savings income and the available allowance in a tax year depends on the individual’s marginal rate of Income Tax. Broadly, individuals taxed at up to the basic rate of tax have an allowance of £1,000. For higher rate taxpayers the allowance is £500. No allowance is due to additional rate taxpayers.
Savings income within the allowance still counts towards an individual’s basic or higher rate band and so may affect the rate of tax paid on savings above the Savings Allowance.
Some individuals qualify for a 0% starting rate of tax on savings income up to £5,000. This will remain at £5,000 until 5 April 2031. However, the rate is not available if taxable non-savings income (broadly earnings, pensions, trading profits and property income, less allocated allowances and reliefs) exceeds £5,000.
From 6 April 2027, the government is increasing the previously announced 2% increase in the applicable tax rates by a further 2%. The basic rate will increase to 24%, the higher rate will increase to 44% and the additional rate will increase to 49%.
These rules apply to the whole of the UK.
Currently, the first £500 of dividends is chargeable to tax at 0% (the Dividend Allowance). This £500 Dividend Allowance is retained for 2027/28.
Dividends received above the Dividend Allowance will be taxed at the following rates for 2027/28:
Dividends within the allowance still count towards an individual’s basic or higher rate band and so may affect the rate of tax paid on dividends above the Dividend Allowance.
To determine which tax band dividends fall into, dividends are treated as the last type of income to be taxed.
The Income Tax ordering rules will change from 6 April 2027. The Personal Allowance will be deducted from employment, trading or pension income first. Currently, individuals can choose which income the allowance is offset against.
For 2027/28:
The government will introduce a Pension Tax Allowance from 6 April 2027. It will be available for tax years 2027/28 to 2029/30.
The allowance ensures that pensioners whose total income is up to the value of the full new State Pension do not pay Income Tax. The Pension Tax Allowance will operate as a tax reducer at 20% of the value of the allowance.
The full allowance will effectively be the value of the new State Pension at £13,037. For every £3 of income received by an individual over the new State Pension, the Pension Tax Allowance will be reduced by £1.
For 2027/28:
For tax years 2028/29 and 2029/30, the allowance will be uprated in line with the full annual value of the new State Pension.
From 6 April 2027, the Trading Allowance will increase from £1,000 to £3,000. The allowance provides relief for trading and miscellaneous income. Where the relief is chosen and the allowance covers all relevant income before expenses, the individual will not have to declare or pay tax on this income. The trading income reporting threshold for Self Assessment will also increase to £3,000 at the same time.
For 2027/28, the overall limits are as follows:
These limits will remain frozen until 5 April 2031.
A new First-Time Buyer ISA will be launched in April 2029. It will replace the Lifetime ISA for new savers. It will provide a 25% bonus on the final account balance up to a maximum of £20,000, paid on withdrawal, towards a purchase of a first home costing up to £450,000.
Existing Lifetime ISA holders will be able to continue contributing to and using their accounts under the
current rules. There will also be a reduction in the withdrawal charge for purchases of properties above the Lifetime ISA property cap. The charge is to be reduced from 25% to 20% from 29 October 2026.
From April 2029, taxpayers who make payments on account will be required to make more regular in-year payments towards their final tax bill. The payments will be automated and eligible taxpayers will be able to choose to pay through Pay As You Earn (PAYE).
The government will not apply the late submission penalty points to quarterly updates for the tax year 2027/28, where the taxpayer was required to join Making Tax Digital (MTD) for Income Tax from April 2027.
The following groups will also be exempted from MTD until further notice:
For 2026/27 the rates of Class 1 employee NICs are 8% and 2%. The employer rate is 15%. These remain the same for 2027/28.
The Secondary Threshold is the point at which employers become liable to pay NICs on an individual employee’s earnings and is currently set at £5,000 a year. This remains for 2027/28. The government has announced that this will be maintained at this level until 5 April 2031.
For 2026/27 the rates of Class 4 self-employed NICs are 6% and 2%. These rates remain the same for 2027/28.
For Class 2 NICs from 6 April 2027:
The government will increase the Lower Earnings Limit (LEL) from 2027/28. For those paying voluntarily, the government will increase Class 3 NICs for 2027/28.
The LEL will be £6,916 per annum (£133 per week). The Class 3 rate will be £19.05 per week.
The remaining NIC limits and thresholds will, as previously announced, be maintained at current levels until 5 April 2031.
The government has extended the employer NICs relief for employers hiring qualifying veterans to 5 April 2028.
This means that businesses continue to pay no employer NICs up to annual earnings of the Veterans Upper Secondary Threshold of £50,270 for up to the first year of a veteran’s employment in a civilian role.
The government has announced increased rates of the National Living Wage (NLW) and National Minimum Wage (NMW) which will come into force from 1 April 2027. The hourly rates which will apply are as follows:
The apprenticeship rate applies to apprentices under 19, or 19 and over in the first year of apprenticeship. The NLW applies to those aged 21 and over.
The rates of tax for company cars are amended for 2027/28:
The government has confirmed increases to the benefit in kind rates for company cars for tax years up to and including 2029/30 and will introduce legislation to set the rates for the tax year 2030/31.
The government has announced that it is introducing a temporary easement to mitigate the increasing benefit in kind tax liabilities of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) company cars due to new emission standards. The easement will apply retrospectively from 1 January 2025 to 5 April 2028. Transitional arrangements will apply to certain PHEVs until 5 April 2031.
The government will increase the Car Fuel Benefit Charge from 6 April 2027.
The government will increase the Van Benefit Charge and the Van Fuel Benefit Charge from 6 April 2027.
The government has confirmed that the use of payroll software to report and pay tax on benefits in kind will become mandatory, in phases, from April 2027. This will apply to income tax and Class 1A NICs.
From 6 April 2027, mandatory payrolling will apply to:
The mandatory payrolling of most other benefits in kind will be introduced from 6 April 2028. This excludes loans and accommodation, which will remain voluntary.
The government is changing how salary sacrifice for pension contributions works.
Salary sacrifice is when an employee agrees to reduce their gross salary or sacrifice a bonus and, in return, the employer pays the same amount into their pension.
From April 2029, only the first £2,000 of employee pension contributions through salary sacrifice each year will be exempt from NICs. Contributions through salary sacrifice, like all pension contributions, will still be exempt from Income Tax (subject to the usual limits).
Employers and employees can still make contributions above £2,000 through salary sacrifice arrangements. However, employee contributions above this amount will be subject to employer and employee NICs like other employee workplace pension contributions.
Employers will need to report the total amount sacrificed through their existing payroll. All employer pension contributions will continue to be free of NICs.
The government will introduce legislation to make changes to the Company Share Option Plan (CSOP) and Enterprise Management Incentives (EMI) schemes:
individual options limits will be removed
The changes will take effect from 6 April 2027.
The government will introduce legislation to remove the requirement for a company to submit a separate notification of a grant of an EMI option to HMRC. Instead, a company will be required to notify such a grant through the end-of-year return.
The changes will take effect for options granted on or after 6 April 2027.
The government will introduce legislation to clarify that image rights payments related to an employment are treated as taxable employment income.
These payments will be subject to Income Tax and NICs.
The changes will take effect from 6 April 2028 rather than 6 April 2027 as previously announced.
The government will introduce legislation to exempt from Income Tax an employer’s payment of a fee for a certificate of sponsorship or an immigration skills charge, which employers are required to pay when sponsoring a worker under the Skilled Worker route. The changes will apply to payments made on or after 28 October 2026.
Statutory payments provided for cancelled, moved or curtailed shifts are taxable as employment income.
The government will introduce legislation to ensure that statutory payments made to agency workers for cancelled, moved or curtailed shifts are also covered by existing tax legislation.
The changes will take effect from 6 April 2027.
The government had previously announced that Approved Mileage Allowance Payments and simplified mileage rates for business mileage up to 10,000 would be increased from 45p per mile to 55p from 6 April 2026.
The government has now announced that for business mileage above 10,000 miles the rates will be increased from 25p per mile to 35p. The changes will take effect from 6 April 2027.
The government will reform and simplify Benchmark Scale Rates (BSRs) and Overseas Scale Rates (OSRs) which are used by employers to reimburse their employees for domestic and overseas travel and subsistence expenses, without the need to check receipts.
BSRs will be modernised to better reflect current subsistence costs. The OSRs will be simplified replacing the more than 200 destination-specific OSRs with a simplified tiered approach that links to the updated BSRs.
This will be implemented from 6 April 2028.
The government will remove the £2,500 Income Tax Self Assessment expenses threshold from April 2028, allowing more taxpayers to claim tax relief on non-reimbursed expenses through PAYE.
This change will simplify the process for taxpayers by removing the need to enter Self Assessment solely to claim employment expenses, and ensure more tax relief claims are subject to evidence before relief is issued.
The government has confirmed that the rates of Corporation Tax will remain unchanged, which means that, from April 2027, the rate will stay at 25% for companies with profits over £250,000. The 19% small profits rate will be payable by companies with profits of £50,000 or less. Companies with profits between £50,001 and £250,000 will pay tax at the main rate reduced by a marginal relief, providing a gradual increase in the effective Corporation Tax rate.
The government has committed to capping the main rate of Corporation Tax at 25% for the duration of the Parliament.
A temporary increase has been announced to the rate of Corporation Tax surcharge on banking companies to 6% for 15 months. The changes will apply from 1 January 2027 to 31 March 2028.
The government will introduce legislation to make the foreign permanent establishment exemption regime mandatory. This will apply for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2027.
Following the launch of the Advance Tax Certainty Service in July 2026, the government has announced the entry threshold for qualifying projects will reduce from £1 billion to £300 million. The reduced
entry threshold will apply from 4 November 2026. Additionally, changes have been announced to the definition of ‘qualifying investment projects’ and to the associated penalty provisions.
The government has announced a new, permanent additional 35% levy (the ‘Oil and Gas Revenue Levy’) on exceptional oil and gas revenues arising during periods of unusually high prices. The levy will apply to exceptional oil or gas revenues arising on or after the day immediately following the cessation of the Energy Profits Levy, which will be 1 April 2030 or an earlier date if the Energy Security Investment Mechanism is triggered.
The government will introduce legislation to repeal the remaining Advance Corporation Tax (ACT) regime with effect from 1 April 2031, with all remaining unrelieved ACT balances being extinguished when the regime ends.
From 1 April 2027, the Annual Tax on Enveloped Dwellings (ATED) annual charges will rise by 3.5%.
The Full Expensing rules for companies allow a 100% write-off on qualifying expenditure on most plant and machinery (excluding cars) as long as it is new and unused. Similar rules apply to integral features and long-life assets at a rate of 50%.
The government has announced a reduction in the main rate Writing Down Allowance (WDA) from 14% to 12% per year from 1 April 2027 for Corporation Tax purposes and 6 April 2027 for Income Tax purposes. For businesses with chargeable periods which straddle those dates, a hybrid rate will apply. The WDA on the special rate pool remains at 6% per year.
For expenditure incurred on or after 1 January 2027, the government will increase the First Year Allowance (FYA) from 40% to 50% for all businesses on main rate assets, including most expenditure on assets for leasing. Cars, second-hand assets and assets for leasing overseas are not eligible.
The Annual Investment Allowance (AIA) is available to both incorporated and unincorporated businesses. It gives a 100% write-off on certain types of plant and machinery up to a financial limit per 12-month period. The limit remains at £1 million.
There was no announcement relating to zero emission cars in the Budget. The law currently states that an FYA of 100% is due on cars of 0g/km, for cars purchased before 1 April 2027 (6 April 2027 for Income Tax).
As there was no announcement extending this FYA, and as cars do not qualify for other FYAs or the AIA, such cars bought from 1 or 6 April 2027 will only qualify for an allowance at the WDA of 12%.
The Capital Gains Tax (CGT) rates remain unchanged for 2027/28.
The annual exempt amount for individuals will remain at £3,000 for 2027/28.
The rate applying for individuals claiming Business Asset Disposal Relief (BADR) and Investors’ Relief will remain at 18% for disposals made in 2027/28.
For qualifying disposals made on or after 6 April 2027, the lifetime limit will be reduced from £1 million to £500,000. There will be special provisions applied to contracts entered into before 6 April 2027 but not completed, as well as certain share reorganisations and exchanges that have not completed by 6 April 2027.
As announced at Budget 2025, the formula to restrict gift holdover relief on the disposal of qualifying shares or securities will be amended to include assets within the intangible fixed asset regime as well as assets that qualify for the substantial shareholding exemption. This change will have effect from 6 April 2027.
The government is launching a consultation for a new CGT relief for founders of and significant early investors in high-growth, innovative UK companies. Founders’ Relief will take effect for qualifying disposals made on or after 6 April 2027.
The relief will apply a 10% CGT rate to qualifying disposals of shares. There will be a lifetime limit of £10 million of gains per individual.
The consultation seeks views on how the proposed individual, company and growth and innovation conditions will work in practice.
Changes will be made to the late filing penalties regime to ensure that where penalties arise on the late submission of a UK property disposal return, these will cease to accrue if the person later reports the disposal on their Self Assessment tax return.
The nil rate band has been frozen at £325,000 since 2009 and will continue to be frozen until 5 April 2031. An additional nil rate band, called the ‘residence
nil rate band’ is also frozen until 5 April 2031 at the current £175,000 level, as is the residence nil rate band taper starting at £2 million.
The government will bring unused pension funds and death benefits payable from a pension into a person’s estate for Inheritance Tax (IHT) purposes from 6 April 2027.
All death in service benefits payable from registered pension schemes will generally be excluded from the value of an individual’s estate for IHT purposes.
The personal representatives will be responsible for paying any IHT due on unused pension funds and death benefits in a person’s estate. However, pension beneficiaries of registered pension schemes will be able to request that the pension scheme administrator pays their IHT liability directly to HMRC in specific circumstances. Personal representatives may also direct scheme administrators to withhold 50% of taxable benefits for up to 15 months.
The rules may potentially have significant effects for those with pension funds. For example, John made contributions to his private pension scheme. At the date of his death, aged 90, the pension fund is valued at £400,000. The remainder of his estate is valued at £1,000,000. Currently, the IHT bill is £270,000. This will rise to £430,000 under the new rules.
For 2027/28, agricultural and business property will continue to benefit from the 100% IHT relief up to a limit of £2.5 million. The limit is a combined limit for both agricultural and business property. Such property in excess of the limit will benefit from a 50% relief.
The £2.5 million limit applies per person and is refreshed every seven years. This allowance is transferable between married couples or civil partners.
There may be a further £2.5 million allowance for trusts in certain situations but the rules are complex.
The £2.5 million limits for both individuals and trusts will be frozen until 5 April 2031.
From 1 April 2027, the VAT registration threshold remains at £90,000 and the deregistration threshold at £88,000.
The government has announced that online marketplaces will be responsible for collecting VAT on sales by UK VAT-registered businesses and any other UK businesses with a minimum annual sales threshold per platform of £90,000. The rules will not apply to non-business sales, second-hand goods or business-to-business transactions. The changes will come into effect from October 2027.
From April 2029, VAT invoices will be required to be issued and received in a prescribed electronic format. The government has published an implementation roadmap, setting out further details about e-invoicing and a timeline on when it will share further information and publish guidance.
The Budget confirmed that, from April 2028, residential properties valued at £2 million or more will be liable to an additional charge, the High Value Council Tax Surcharge.
From 1 April 2028, the Electric Vehicle Excise Duty will apply to Battery Electricity Vehicles (BEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (HFCEVs). The rates of tax will be 3p per mile for BEVs and HFCEVs and 1.5p per mile for PHEVs.
